Humanity

Humans are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens. Compared to other animals, humans have a relatively highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language, and introspection. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees their upper limbs for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species. DNA evidence indicates that modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago.^[15] Humans now inhabit every continent and low Earth orbit, with a total population of over 6.73 billion humans as of January 2009.^[16]

Like most primates, humans are social by nature. However, humans are particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws which form the basis of human society. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics which, combined with the human desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, literature and music.

Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence the world around them, seeking to explain and manipulate natural phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills.

Earth

Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known by humanity to exist at this time. Most scientific evidence indicates that the planet formed 4.6 billion years ago,^[5][6][7][8] and life appeared on its surface within a billion years. Since then, Earth's biosphere has significantly altered the atmosphere and other abiotic conditions on the planet, enabling the proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which, together with Earth's magnetic field, blocks harmful radiation, permitting life on land.^[9]

Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that gradually migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans, the remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water, necessary for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's surface.^[10][11] Earth's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron inner core.

The earth consists of seven continents listed as follows: North America, South America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia; the largest of which is Asia. There are several other methods of determining the continents.

Earth is impacted upon by other objects in outer space, including the Sun and the Moon. At present, Earth orbits the Sun once for every roughly 365.26 times it rotates about its axis. This length of time is a sidereal year, which is equal to 365.26 solar days.^[12] The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular to its orbital plane,^[13] producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt and gradually slows the planet's rotation. A cometary bombardment during the early history of the planet played a role in the formation of the oceans.^[14] Later, asteroid impacts caused significant changes to the surface environment.

Multiple radio sets

Multiple radio sets

Dispatch-reliant services, such as tow cars or ambulances, may have several radios in each vehicle. For example, tow cars may have one radio for towing company communications and a second for emergency road service communications. Ambulances may have a similar arrangement with one radio for government emergency medical services dispatch and one for company dispatch.

[edit] Multiple controls, microphones

A mobile radio in a US ambulance often has two sets of controls: one in the patient area and another near the driver.

US ambulances often have radios with dual controls and dual microphones allowing the radio to be used from the patient care area in the rear or from the vehicle's cab.^[2]

[edit] Data radio

Both tow cars and ambulances may have an additional radio which transmits and receives to support a mobile data terminal. A data terminal radio allows data communications to take place over the separate radio. In the same way that a facsimile machine has a separate phone line, this means data and voice communication can take place simultaneously over a separate radio. Early Federal Express (FedEx) radio systems used a single radio for data and voice. The radio had a request-to-speak button which, when acknowledged, allowed voice communication to the dispatch center.

Each radio works over a single band of frequencies. If a tow car company had a frequency on the same band as its auto club, a single radio with scanning might be employed for both systems. Since a mobile radio typically works on a single frequency band, multiple radios may be required in cases where communications take place over systems on more than one frequency band.^[3]

[edit] Walkie talkie converters in place of mobile radios

Intended as a cost savings, some systems employ vehicular chargers instead of a mobile radio. Each radio user is issued a walkie talkie. Each vehicle is equipped with a charger system console. The walkie talkie inserted into a vehicular charger or converter while the user is in the vehicle. The charger or converter 1) connects the walkie talkie to the vehicle's two-way radio antenna, 2) connects an amplified speaker, 3) connects a mobile microphone, and 4) charges the walkie talkie's battery. ^[4]The weak point of these systems has been connector technology which has been proven unreliable in some installations. Receiver performance is a problem in congested radio signal and urban areas. These installations are sometimes referred to as jerk-and-run systems.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Cited in many references including on escutcheons and silk-screened face plates on 1960s Motorola products including early HT-200 and Dispatcher-series mobiles. Later HT-200s dropped the term. It was also seen on some Kaar Engineering mobile products. One example is the title on a Special Products service manual Model T31BAT-3100B-SP3 'Dispatcher' Radiophone 25-54 MC 12 W RF Power 12VDC, State of California Radio Communications System, (Chicago: Motorola Communications Division, 1965). The Oxford English Dictionary conflicts with some uses, saying radiophone is interchangeable with radiotelephone. The 11th edition of Newton's Telecom Dictionary says radiophone is an, "obsolete term."
2. ^ "Evaluating Regional Alternatives," Planning Emergency Medical Communications: Volume 2, Regional-level Planning Guide, (Washington, DC: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995) pp. 45-49.
3. ^ Paragraph 2.4(e), Arizona Phase II Final Report: Statewide Radio Interoperability Needs Assessment, Macro Corporation and The State of Arizona, 2004, pp. 15. and "Evaluating Regional Alternatives," Planning Emergency Medical Communications: Volume 2, Regional-level Planning Guide, (Washington, DC: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995) pp. 45-49.
4. ^ For example, Motorola has trademarked the name Converta-Com for a system which accomplishes all three of these tasks. Some Converta-Com systems allow the attachment of signaling devices or external devices not usually compatible with walkie talkies. One historic example is the NLN-4470A for MT-500 series radios.

history of mobile

History

Early users of mobile radio equipment included transportation and government. These systems used one-way broadcasting instead of two-way conversations. Railroads used medium frequency range (MF) communications (similar to the AM broadcast band) to improve safety. Instead of hanging out of a locomotive cab and grabbing train orders while rolling past a station, voice communications with rolling trains became possible. Radios linked the caboose with the locomotive cab. Early police radio systems were initially one way using MF frequencies above the AM broadcast band, (1.7 MHz). Some early systems talked back to dispatch on a 30-50 MHz link, (called crossband).

Early mobile radios used amplitude modulation (AM) to convey intelligence through the communications channel. In time, problems with sources of electrical noise showed that frequency modulation (FM) was superior for its ability to cope with vehicle ignition and power line noise. The frequency range used by most early radio systems, 25 to 50 MHz (vhf "low band") is particularly susceptible to the problem of electrical noise. This plus the need for more channels led to the eventual expansion of two-way radio communications into the VHF "high band" (150 to 174 MHz) and UHF (450 to 470 MHz). The UHF band has since been expanded again.

One of the major challenges in early mobile radio technology was that of converting the six or twelve volt power supply of the vehicle to the high voltage needed to operate the vacuum tubes in the radio. Early tube-type radios used dynamotors - essentially a six or twelve volt motor that turned a generator to provide the high voltages required by the vacuum tubes. Some early mobile radios were the size of a suitcase or had separate boxes for the transmitter and receiver. As time went on, power supply technology evolved to use first electromechanical vibrators, then solid-state power supplies to provide high voltage for the vacuum tubes. These circuits, called "inverters", changed the 6V or 12V direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) which could be passed through a transformer to make high voltage. The power supply then rectified this high voltage to make the high voltage DC required for the vacuum tubes, (called valves in British English). The power supplies needed to power vacuum tube radios resulted in a common trait of tube-type mobile radios: their heavy weight due to the iron-core transformers in the power supplies. These high voltage power supplies were inefficient, and the filaments of the vacuum tubes added to current demands, taxing vehicle electrical systems. Sometimes, a generator or alternator upgrade was needed to support the current required for a tube-type mobile radio.

Examples of US 1950s-1960s tube-type mobile radios with no transistors:

• Motorola FMTRU-140D (dynamotor powered)
• Motorola Twin-V, named for its "universal" 6 or 12 Volt power supply
• General Electric Progress Line (Early models without "T-Power" power supply)
• Kaar Engineering Model 501

Equipment from different US manufacturers had similar traits. This was partly dictated by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations. The requirement that unauthorized persons be prohibited from using the radio transmitter meant that many radios were wired so they could not transmit unless the vehicle ignition was on. Persons without a key to the vehicle could not transmit. Equipment had to be "type accepted", or technically approved, by the FCC before it could be offered for sale. In order to be type accepted, the radio set had to be equipped with an indicator light, usually green or yellow, that showed power was applied and the radio was ready to transmit. Radios were also required to have a lamp (usually red) indicating when the transmitter was on. These traits continue in the design of modern radios.

Early tube-type radios operated on 50 kHz channel spacing with plus-or-minus fifteen kilohertz modulation deviation. This meant that the number of radio channels that could be accommodated in the available radio frequency spectrum were limited to a certain number, dictated by the bandwidth of the signal on each channel.

In the early 1970s, the California Department of Forestry requirement for 6-frequency transmit, 3-frequency receive, scanning, and a 5-tone burst encoder was unusual, leading to this custom-built mobile radio.

Solid state equipment arrived in the 1960s, with more efficient circuitry and smaller size. Channel spacing narrowed to 20-30 kHz with modulation deviation dropping to plus-or-minus five kilohertz. This was done to allow more radio spectrum availability to accommodate the rapidly growing national group of two-way radio users. By the mid 1970s, tube-type transmitter power amplifiers had been replaced with high-power transistors. From the 1960s to the 1980s, large system users with specialized requirements often had custom built radios designed for their unique systems. Systems with multiple-CTCSS tone encoders and more than two channels were unusual. Manufacturers of mobile radios built customized equipment for large radio fleets such as the California Department of Forestry and the California Highway Patrol.

Examples of US hybrid partially solid state mobile radios:

• Motorola Motrac
• Motorola MJ IMTS Car Telephone (1963)
• General Electric Transistorized Progress Line
• General Electric MASTR Professional and MASTR Executive
• RCA Super Carfone

Today

Custom design for a particular customer is a thing of the past. Modern mobile radio equipment is "feature rich". A mobile radio may have 100 or more channels, be microprocessor controlled and have built-in options such as unit ID. A computer and software is typically required to program the features and channels of the mobile radio. Menus of options may be several levels deep and offer a complicated array of possibilities. Some mobile radios have alphanumeric displays that translate channel numbers (F1, F2) to a phrase more meaningful to the user, such as "Providence Base", "Boston Base", etc. Radios are now designed with a myriad of features to preclude the need for custom design.

Examples of US microprocessor-controlled mobile radios:

• Motorola Astro Digital Spectra W9
• Kenwood TK-690

As use of mobile radio equipment has virtually exploded, channel spacing has had to be narrowed again to 12.5-15 kHz with modulation deviation dropping to plus-or-minus 2.5 kilohertz. In order to fit into smaller, more economical vehicles, today's radios are trending toward radically smaller sizes than their tube-type ancestors.

[edit] Details

Commercial and professional mobile radios are often purchased from an equipment supplier or dealer whose staff will install the equipment into the user's vehicles. Large fleet users may buy radios directly from an equipment manufacturer and may even employ their own technical staff for installation and maintenance.

A modern mobile radio consists of a radio transceiver, housed in a single box, and a microphone with a push-to-talk button. Each installation would also have a vehicle-mounted antenna connected to the transceiver by a coaxial cable. Some models may have an external, separate speaker which can be positioned and oriented facing the driver to overcome ambient road noise present when driving. The installer would have to locate this equipment in a way that does not interfere with the vehicle's sun roof, electronic engine management system, vehicle stability computer, or air bags.

Mobile radios installed on motorcycles are subject to extreme vibration and weather. Professional equipment designed for use on motorcycles is weather and vibration resistant. Shock mounting systems are used to reduce the radio's exposure to vibration imparted by the motorcycle's modal, or resonant, shaking.

Some mobile radios use noise-canceling microphones or headsets. At speeds over 100 MPH, the ambient road and wind noise can make radio communications difficult to understand. For example, California Highway Patrol mobile radios have noise-canceling microphones which reduce road and siren noise heard by the dispatcher. Most fire engines and radios in heavy equipment use noise-canceling headsets. These protect the occupant's hearing and reduce background noise in the transmitted audio. Noise-canceling microphones require the operator speak directly into the front of the microphone. Hole arrays in the back of the microphone pick up ambient noise. This is applied, out-of-phase, to the back of the microphone, effectively reducing or canceling any sound which is present both in front and back of the microphone. Ideally, only the voice present on the front side of the microphone goes out on the air.

Many radios are equipped with transmitter time-out timers which limit the length of a transmission. A bane of push-to-talk systems is the stuck microphone: a radio locked on transmit which disrupts communications on a two-way radio system. One example of this problem occurred in a car with a concealed two-way radio installation where the microphone and coiled cord were hidden inside the glove box. An operator tossed the mike into the glove box and shut it, causing the push-to-talk button to be depressed and locking the transmitter on. On taxi systems, a driver may be upset when a dispatcher assigns a call (s)he wanted to another driver and may deliberately hold the transmit button down (for which the owner can be fined by the FCC). Radios with time-out timers transmit for the preset amount of time, usually 30- or 60-seconds, after which the transmitter automatically turns off and a loud tone comes out of the radio speaker. The volume level of the tone on some radios is loud and cannot be adjusted. As soon as the push-to-talk button is released, the tone stops and the timer resets.

Mobile radio equipment is manufactured to specifications developed by the Electronics Industries Association/Telecommunications Industries Association (EIA/TIA). These specifications have been developed to help ensure that mobile radio equipment not only performs as expected by the user, but also to prevent the sale and distribution of inferior equipment which could degrade communications. All specifications should be reviewed by radio system engineers to ensure that appropriate equipment is used to meet the end user's needs.

[edit] Antenna

A mobile radio must have an associated antenna. The most common antennas are stainless steel wire or rod whips which protrude vertically from the vehicle. Physics defines the antenna length: length relates to frequency and cannot be arbitrarily lengthened or shortened (more likely) by the end user. The standard "quarter wave" antenna in the 25-50 MHz range can be over nine feet long. A 900 MHz antenna may be three inches long for a quarter wavelength. A transit bus may have a ruggedized antenna, which looks like a white plastic blade or fin, on its roof. Some vehicles with concealed radio installations have antennas designed to look like the original AM/FM antenna, a rearview mirror, or may be installed inside windows, or hidden on the floor pan or underside of a vehicle. Aircraft antennas look like blades or fins, the size and shape being determined by frequencies used. Microwave antennas may look like flat panels on the aircraft's skin. Temporary installations may have antennas which clip on to vehicle parts or are attached to steel body parts by a strong magnet.

Though initially relatively inexpensive mobile radio system components, frequently damaged antennas can be costly to replace since they are usually not included in maintenance contracts for mobile radio fleets. Some types of vehicles in 24-hour use, with stiff suspensions, tall heights, or rough diesel engine idle vibrations may damage antennas quickly. The location and type of antenna can affect system performance drastically. Large fleets usually test a few vehicles before making a commitment to a certain antenna location or type.

US Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines for non-ionizing radio energy generally say the radio antenna must be two feet from any vehicle occupants. (Read the OSHA guidelines before attempting to install an antenna.) This rule of thumb is intended to result in passengers being exposed to safe levels of radio frequency energy in the event the radio transmits.

mobile

Mobile radio or mobiles refer to wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies, and where the path of communications is movable on either end. There are a variety of views about what constitutes mobile equipment. For US licensing purposes, mobiles may include hand-carried, (sometimes called portable), equipment. An obsolete term is radiophone. ^[1]

A sales person or radio repair shop would understand the word mobile to mean vehicle-mounted: a transmitter-receiver (transceiver) used for radio communications from a vehicle. Mobile radios are mounted to a motor vehicle usually with the microphone and control panel in reach of the driver. In the US, such a device is typically powered by the host vehicle's 12 volt electrical system.

Some mobile radios are mounted in aircraft, (aeronautical mobile), shipboard, (maritime mobile), on motorcycles, or railroad locomotives. Power may vary with each platform. For example, a mobile radio installed in a locomotive would run off of 72- or 30-volt DC power. A large ship with 117V AC power might have a base station mounted on the ship's bridge.

future

The future is a time period commonly understood to contain all events that have yet to occur.^[1][2] In the Occidental view, which uses a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the projected time line that is anticipated to occur.^[3] In special relativity the future is considered to be absolute future or the future light cone.^[4] In physics, time is considered to be a fourth dimension.^[5] It is the opposite of the past, and is the time after the present.

In the philosophy of time, presentism is the belief that only the present exists and the future and the past are unreal. Religions consider the future when they address issues such as karma, life after death, and eschatologies that study what the end of time and the end of the world will be. Religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as prophets and diviners. Organized efforts to predict or forecast the future may have derived from observations by early man of heavenly objects.

Future studies of futurology is the science, art and practice of postulating possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.

In art and culture, the future was explored in several art movements and genres. The futurism art movement at the beginning of the 20th century explored every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, music, architecture and even gastronomy. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. Instead, they espoused a love of speed, technology, and violence. Futuristic music involved homage to, inclusion of, or imitation of machines. Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included industrial design, textiles, and architecture. Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein defines sci-fi as "realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."^[6] More generally, science fiction is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology.

Forecasting

Main article: Forecasting

Organized efforts to predict or forecast the future may have derived from observations by early man of heavenly objects, which changed position in predictable patterns. The practice of astrology, today considered pseudoscience, evolved from the human desire to forecast the future. Much of physical science can be read as an attempt to make quantitative and objective predictions about events. These respective futures would take place after the present, in the times that follow. In other similar words, what follows is the future. And if you're right in predicting said future, then you're right. But this is not forecasting. Forecasting is the process of estimation in unknown situations. Due to the element of the unknown, risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting and prediction. Statistical forecasting is the process of estimation in unknown situations. It can refer to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data.

Prediction is a similar, but more general term. Both can refer to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data. Econometric forecasting methods use the assumption that it is possible to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. If the causes are understood, projections of the influencing variables can be made and used in the forecast. Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgments, opinions and probability estimates, as in the case of the Delphi method, scenario building, and simulations. Forecasting is applied in many areas, including weather forecasting, earthquake prediction, transport planning, and labour market planning.

Despite the development of cognitive instruments for the comprehension of future, the stochastic nature of many natural and social processes has made precise forecasting of the future elusive. Modern efforts such as future studies attempt to predict social trends, while more ancient practices, such as weather forecasting, have benefited from scientific and causal modelling.this is

computer

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.

Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).^[1] Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.^[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.

The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a mobile phone to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

proverbs for kids

people in glass houses shouldn't . . . run around naked.


Better to be safe than . . . punch a 5th grader.


Strike while the . . . bug is close.


It's always darkest before . . . daylight savings time.


Never underestimate the power of . . . termites.


You can lead a horse to water but . . . how?


Don't bite the hand that . . . looks dirty.



No news is . . . impossible.


A miss is as good as a . . . Mr.


You can't teach an old dog . . . math.


If you lie down with dogs, you . . . will stink in the morning.


Love all, trust . . . me.


The pen is mightier than . . . the pigs.


An idle mind is . . . the best way to relax.


Where there is smoke, there is . . . pollution.


Happy is the bride who . . . gets all the presents.



A penny saved is . . . not much.


Two is company, three is . . . The Musketeers.


None are so blind as . . . Helen Keller.


Children should be seen and not . . . spanked or grounded.


If at first you don't succeed . . . get new batteries.


You get out of something what you . . . see pictured on the box.


When the blind lead the blind . . . get out of the way.


There is no fool like . . . Aunt EdieR

Benefits of Apple

Benefits of Apple
Apple cleans teeth and strengthens gum

Will make the cholesterol level lower

Detoxify the body and has an antiviral property

Apple will also prevent constipation because it helps digestion

One large apple supplies almost 30% of minimum amount of fiber that should be consumed daily

The use :
For people who suffer from rheumatism, eat apple regularly because it will aid healing

Eating 2 apples a day will reduce your cholesterol level up to 10 %

Drinking an apple juice, 3 times a day, is said to prevent virus from settling in the body.

Another benefit of apple is for those who have problem with their stomach. If you have problem with indigestion, eat apples before meals.

Grated apple, when mixed with live yogurt may be helpful in cases of diarrhea

Some Amazing Facts !!!!!!!!

Chewing on gum while cutting onions can help a person from stop producing tears. Try it next time you chop onions



Until babies are six months old, they can breathe and swallow at the same time. Indeed convenient!



Offered a new pen to write with, 97% of all people will write their own name.



Male mosquitoes are vegetarians. Only females bite.



The average person's field of vision encompasses a 200-degree wide angle.



To find out if a watermelon is ripe, knock it, and if it sounds hollow then it is ripe.



Canadians can send letters with personalized postage stamps showing their own photos on each stamp.



Babies' eyes do not produce tears until the baby is approximately six to eight weeks old.



It snowed in the Sahara Desert in February of 1979.



Plants watered with warm water grow larger and more quickly than plants watered with cold water.



Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacterias your ear by 700 times.



Grapes explode when you put them in the microwave.



Those stars and colours you see when you rub your eyes are called phosphenes.



Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears never stop growing.




Contrary to popular belief, a swallowed chewing gum doesn't stay in the gut. It will pass through the system and be excreted.



At 40 Centigrade a person loses about 14.4 calories per hour by breathing.



There is a hotel in Sweden built entirely out of ice; it is rebuilt every year.



Cats, camels and giraffes are the only animals in the world that walk rightfoot, right foot, left foot, left foot, rather than right foot, left foot...



Onions help reduce cholesterol if eaten after a fatty meal.



The sound you hear when you crack your knuckles is actually the sound of n ogen gas bubbles bursting.



In most watch advertisements the time displayed on the watch is 10:10 because then the arms frame the brand of the watch and make it look=20 like it's smiling.



The color blue can have a calming affect on people.



Depending upon the shade, the brain may send up to 11 tranquilizing chemicals to calm the body



Leonardo da Vinci could write with the one hand and draw with the other simultaneously. Now we know why his pictures were exquisite!!



Names of the three wise monkeys are: Mizaru (See no evil), Mikazaru (Hear no evil), and Mazaru (Speak no evil).



The only 2 animals that can see behind itself without turning it's head are the rabbit and parrot.



The only 15-letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is uncopyrightable.



Babies are born without kneecaps. They don't appear until the child reaches 2-6 years of age



The names of the continents all end with the same letter with which they start.



Electricity doesn't move through a wire but through a field around the wire.



All U.S. Presidents have worn glasses; some of them just didn't like to be seen wearing them in public.



No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, and purple.



Raw cashews are poisonous and must be roasted before eating

The importance of summer camps

The Importance of summer camps

Camping means living away from home depending on yourself to satisfy needs.This is the reason for setting up boy scouts camps.Camps teach us c0-operation , self-reliance and love of help to those who need it.Summer camps are camps which suit students most as they are free during the summer.

In school and at universities there are societies which organize such camps.There are daily camps, weekly camps and even whole summer camps.They are useful not only to the person but also to the society at large.Students can carry out different projects.They can harvest crops with very little training.They can plant trees all over the country.They can even make roads and cities.If we pay attention to camps,we can keep our youth busy , make them grow healthy and keep them away from bad habits.

I hope you like it

After Twenty Years

I bring you a nice short story

I like it and I hope you like it

Happy reading


After Twenty Years


The policeman on the beat moved up the avenue impressively. The impressiveness was habitual and not for show, for spectators were few. The time was barely 10 o'clock at night, but chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well nigh depeopled the streets.

Trying doors as he went, twirling his club with many intricate and artful movements, turning now and then to cast his watchful eye adown the pacific thoroughfare, the officer, with his stalwart form and slight swagger, made a fine picture of a guardian of the peace. The vicinity was one that kept early hours. Now and then you might see the lights of a cigar store or of an all-night lunch counter; but the majority of the doors belonged to business places that had long since been closed.

When about midway of a certain block the policeman suddenly slowed his walk. In the doorway of a darkened hardware store a man leaned, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. As the policeman walked up to him the man spoke up quickly.

"It's all right, officer," he said, reassuringly. "I'm just waiting for a friend. It's an appointment made twenty years ago. Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it? Well, I'll explain if you'd like to make certain it's all straight. About that long ago there used to be a restaurant where this store stands--'Big Joe' Brady's restaurant."

"Until five years ago," said the policeman. "It was torn down then."

The man in the doorway struck a match and lit his cigar. The light showed a pale, square-jawed face with keen eyes, and a little white scar near his right eyebrow. His scarfpin was a large diamond, oddly set.

"Twenty years ago to-night," said the man, "I dined here at 'Big Joe' Brady's with Jimmy Wells, my best chum, and the finest chap in the world. He and I were raised here in New York, just like two brothers, together. I was eighteen and Jimmy was twenty. The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune. You couldn't have dragged Jimmy out of New York; he thought it was the only place on earth. Well, we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come. We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be."

"It sounds pretty interesting," said the policeman. "Rather a long time between meets, though, it seems to me. Haven't you heard from your friend since you left?"

"Well, yes, for a time we corresponded," said the other. "But after a year or two we lost track of each other. You see, the West is a pretty big proposition, and I kept hustling around over it pretty lively. But I know Jimmy will meet me here if he's alive, for he always was the truest, stanchest old chap in the world. He'll never forget. I came a thousand miles to stand in this door to-night, and it's worth it if my old partner turns up."

The waiting man pulled out a handsome watch, the lids of it set with small diamonds.

"Three minutes to ten," he announced. "It was exactly ten o'clock when we parted here at the restaurant door."

"Did pretty well out West, didn't you?" asked the policeman.

"You bet! I hope Jimmy has done half as well. He was a kind of plodder, though, good fellow as he was. I've had to compete with some of the sharpest wits going to get my pile. A man gets in a groove in New York. It takes the West to put a razor-edge on him."

The policeman twirled his club and took a step or two.

"I'll be on my way. Hope your friend comes around all right. Going to call time on him sharp?"

"I should say not!" said the other. "I'll give him half an hour at least. If Jimmy is alive on earth he'll be here by that time. So long, officer."

"Good-night, sir," said the policeman, passing on along his beat, trying doors as he went.

There was now a fine, cold drizzle falling, and the wind had risen from its uncertain puffs into a steady blow. The few foot passengers astir in that quarter hurried dismally and silently along with coat collars turned high and pocketed hands. And in the door of the hardware store the man who had come a thousand miles to fill an appointment, uncertain almost to absurdity, with the friend of his youth, smoked his cigar and waited.

About twenty minutes he waited, and then a tall man in a long overcoat, with collar turned up to his ears, hurried across from the opposite side of the street. He went directly to the waiting man.

"Is that you, Bob?" he asked, doubtfully.

"Is that you, Jimmy Wells?" cried the man in the door.

"Bless my heart!" exclaimed the new arrival, grasping both the other's hands with his own. "It's Bob, sure as fate. I was certain I'd find you here if you were still in existence. Well, well, well! --twenty years is a long time. The old gone, Bob; I wish it had lasted, so we could have had another dinner there. How has the West treated you, old man?"

"Bully; it has given me everything I asked it for. You've changed lots, Jimmy. I never thought you were so tall by two or three inches."

"Oh, I grew a bit after I was twenty."

"Doing well in New York, Jimmy?"

"Moderately. I have a position in one of the city departments. Come on, Bob; we'll go around to a place I know of, and have a good long talk about old times."

The two men started up the street, arm in arm. The man from the West, his egotism enlarged by success, was beginning to outline the history of his career. The other, submerged in his overcoat, listened with interest.

At the corner stood a drug store, brilliant with electric lights. When they came into this glare each of them turned simultaneously to gaze upon the other's face.

The man from the West stopped suddenly and released his arm.

"You're not Jimmy Wells," he snapped. "Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change a man's nose from a Roman to a pug."

"It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one, said the tall man. "You've been under arrest for ten minutes, 'Silky' Bob. Chicago thinks you may have dropped over our way and wires us she wants to have a chat with you. Going quietly, are you? That's sensible. Now, before we go on to the station here's a note I was asked to hand you. You may read it here at the window. It's from Patrolman Wells."

The man from the West unfolded the little piece of paper handed him. His hand was steady when he began to read, but it trembled a little by the time he had finished. The note was rather short.

~"Bob: I was at the appointed place on time. When you struck the match to light your cigar I saw it was the face of the man wanted in Chicago. Somehow I couldn't do it myself, so I went around and got a plain clothes man to do the job. JIMMY."

some advices

Give people more than
they expect and do it cheerfully



2: When you say, "I love you," mean it



3: When you say, "I'm sorry," look the person in the eyes


4: Believe in love at first sight


5: Never laugh at anyone's dream.


6:don't judge people by their relatives



7: When you lose, don't lose the lesson

8: Don't let a little dispute kills a great friendship


9: never give up ; always try oneday u'll reach

10: everyday do something that can make u laugh

Make People Wondering

Make People Wondering

"

the Strategy of Malcolm X

"we will be never recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans" Malcolm X said. Considering yourself as non-humans means that you've got a problem in your psychological structure. So, this makes people wondering what is this problem? And why could an academic-adult man like Malcolm X say that?. Malcolm was the man who used this strategy "make people wondering" to make people do wondering. In this context an intuitive question jump to our minds, how could Malcolm X earn this big infrastructure of fans and followers? Those upcoming paragraphs are going to answer this question and –by the will of Allah – will give you the full impact.


First of all, if you got an upright case this will put you in a good position to be strong to defend about your case. So, I think the strongest structure which Malcolm was depending upon it is the case itself. In another words his case itself was the main reason which is gather supporters and sympathetic to stand by. And Malcolm was built all his claims on it.


Second, the history has demonstrated that the whole leaders are sharing one adjective which is "bravery". One of the main adjective in successful leaders' character is "bravery". If you have listened to Malcolms' speeches you will recognized how Malcolms' bravery was !! Or just read this quotation from one of Malcolms' speeches " If you're not ready to die for it, put the word "freedom" out of your vocabulary". Therefore Malcolm was a brave leader people can truest him.


Third, Malcolm was one of a few American leaders who is speechify on a millionth crowd. Different people from different ethnics, nationalities and cultures were attend Malcolms' speeches. Malcolm was an eloquent speaker and a persuasive debater. One day, Malcolm was debating with a man in a live debating program. and the debating was watching by a lot of people on T.V at the middle of the debating the man who is debate against Malcolm was inability to continue debating with Malcolm. Malcolm was a super debater.



Finally, peoples' admiration in Malcolm x will never stopped. Generation after generation people will considered Malcolm X as a leader who has demonstrated his qualification for lead, as leader who has chosen by people, as a leader who is lived and died for his principles, beliefs and nation.

If it hadn’t been for your advice!

If it hadn’t been for your advices!
Dear friend,
Once again you have saved me: if it hadn’t been for your good advice I would have chosen the wrong path again! I’m glad I have such a clever friend to shed some light over me in my moments of doubt! Thank you!
If it wasn’t for your good sense I would have made a terrible mistake, I would have made the wrong decision and, again, I would have reacted without thinking, on an impulse, and I would have made a fool of myself like so many other times!
I’m glad I can rely on your advices. You are so much better than my own conscious! I have complete trust in you but I have serious doubts when it comes to my own ability to tell right from wrong, good from evil…
It’s not in vain that I care so much about you, my friend! You always say the right and most intelligent things; you always come up with the most opportune considerations, using the most correct and adequate arguments for each situation! It’s great to be able to rely on your true friendship and your well-balanced thoughts!
For all your good advice and for all you’ve done for me, please accept my most humble and sincere thank you!
I love you!

Drugs

Drugs


Drugs. What do we know about drugs? What do we imagine when we say this word? White powder or a young person, wiping out any possibility for his future to grow, killing himself slowly. Drugs came in our life and destroyed any relations between parents and children. I say "any" because this is the word, defining exactly what happens when a child starts taking drugs. Ignorance. Ignorance from the rest of the world, living in a world with no real friends, no sun, no flowers, no stars, no tears or laughter^ no love. The only friend of the drug addict is the syringe. And nevertheless, there are people who manage to emerge from all this, to overcome their dependence from drugs and let their life change, continue, develop or whatever word you're comfortable with. Why? Why there are so many drug addicts? Why does a child become a drug fiend? There are people, who are more probable to start taking drugs, than others. People, who are more responsible, stronger and are always "in charge" of their own problems, these people "never" take drugs, as they say themselves. These people are able to obey someone, to entice someone, to listen or act for someone, but to get what they want, to get the joy they want. But there are weak people, who have "closed" and ignored themselves from the rest of the reality, people who live in their own world. They are usually not willing to solve their problems by their own, so they find a "friend" who "helps" them. And all this, because you don't need neither to obey, nor to allure the squirt. No, you just take it, and you get they joy you have been longing for so fervently, ignoring everything else around you. You get a false joy, and become unable to feel anything, as you try to get another dose before you have to spend too much of your precious time in reality...

Finding Great Topics to Write About

It seems it would be a snap to write a short article of five hundred to a thousand words. After all, you're knowledgeable in many subjects, you're intelligent and you're a talented writer who enjoys writing. So why do you face that dreaded writer's block when you sit down at the keyboard
Most daunting, perhaps, is finding a topic to write about. You've already written articles about all the subjects you know best, often two or three times from different angles, and you can't use any of those subjects again. The deadline is tomorrow
You're good at research, so that's not the problem. Usually the Muse is with you once you get going, so that's not it either. All you need is a new topic for your next article, and you'll be able to knock out a good one. How do you come up with a new subject
It's best to let the topic come to you, to strike you in the head, if you will. In order to do this successfully, you can't be thinking about it too hard. That's certainly paradoxical
One great way to come up with topics is the somewhat old fashioned process of reading the newspaper. Read all the sections. More often than not, there is some story that grabs your interest about some subject you've never heard of before or about one that has been scratching at the back of your consciousness for a few weeks. Often the newspaper article will provide all the facts you need to pop out an entire article of your own. If not, it doesn't take long to do a little research in Google to get the missing pieces
Another way to find new topics is to read magazines and books for pleasure and cash in on the ideas that strike you while reading that remind you of other things. Your mind makes associations and sees things in new ways when it's relaxed by reading
You can also observe products while food shopping. There are always plenty of items for sale you've never noticed before, and some of them are fads. Fads are good to write about because they tie into the current collective consciousness of society and therefore people are interested in reading about them
It's good to let your mind wander. This is how different ideas that are floating around a bit aimlessly in your consciousness can suddenly juxtapose themselves atop one another in a new way
Sometimes by purposefully pursuing this mind wandering, you can come up with several topics you've never thought of writing about before. You find yourself enthusiastic about writing your new article and effortlessly pop it out and a few more. You may even end up with a list of new topics that will keep you busy for a few weeks

dear dad funny story

A father passing by his teenage daughter's bedroom was astonished to see the bed was nicely made and everything was neat and tidy.





Then he saw an envelope propped up prominently on the centre of the pillow. It was addressed "Dad". With the worst premonition, he opened the envelope and read the letter with trembling hands:-


Dear Dad,

It is with great regret and sorrow that I'm writing you, but I'm leaving home. I had to elope with my new boyfriend Randy because I wanted to avoid a scene with Mom and you.





I've been finding real passion with Randy and he is so nice to me. I know when you meet him you'll like him too - even with all his piercing, tattoos, and motorcycle clothes. But it's not only the passion Dad, I'm pregnant and Randy said that he wants me to have the kid and that we can be very happy together.





Even though Randy is much older than me (anyway, 42 isn't so old these days is it? ), and has no money, really these things shouldn't stand in the way of our relationship, don't you agree?


Randy has a great CD collection; he already owns a trailer in the woods and has a stack of firewood for the whole winter. It's true he has other girlfriends as well but I know he'll be faithful to me in his own way. He wants to have many more children with me and that's now one of my dreams too.


Randy taught me that marijuana doesn't really hurt anyone and he'll be growing it for us and we'll trade it with our friends for all the cocaine and ecstasy we want. In the meantime, we'll pray that science will find a cure for AIDS so Randy can get better; he sure deserves it!!


Don't worry Dad, I'm 15 years old now and I know how to take care of myself. Someday I'm sure we'll be back to visit so you can get to know your grandchildren.


Your loving daughter,
Rosie.



At the bottom of the page were the letters " PTO".

Hands still trembling, her father turned the sheet, and read:


PS:

Dad, none of the above is true. I'm over at the neighbour's house. I just wanted to remind you that there are worse things in life than my report card that's in my desk centre drawer. Please sign it and call when it is safe for me to come home.


I love you!

Women are so much smarter

Women are so much smarter


When Dan found out he was going to inherit a fortune when his sickly father died, he decided he needed a woman to enjoy it with.

So, one evening he went to a singles bar where he spotted the most beautiful woman he had ever seen. Her natural beauty took his breath away.

"I may look like just an ordinary man," he said as he walked up to her, "but in just a week or two, my father will die, and I'll inherit 20 million dollars."

Impressed, the woman went home with him that evening and, three days later, she became his stepmother.

( Women are so much smarter than men! )

I am not your friend if...

I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF
you have to think before you speak to me
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF.....
my presence ever makes you feel uncomfortable
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF.....
you have to thank me for everything i do for you
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF.....
you have to say sorry for everything
that you don't do
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF....
you have to ask me for favours
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you think i would not be curious to
know your new philosophy of life!
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you go by what i say and do not understand
what i don't say
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you think that listening to your dreams
would put me to sleep
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you think that seeing you in pain, would
not bring a tear to me
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you think I do not remember the first time
we met
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you don't see the thousand ways I try to
make you happy
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you don't realise how your smile brightens
up my day
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you would rather keep quiet when you really
wanna talk
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you hesitate to ask me to stay back when
you think we should be together
I AM NOT YOUR FRIEND IF...
you take too much time to tell me what i
mean to you
Am I Your FRIEND
"A SMILE can Take You MILES"
I hope you enjoy it

quotes about mothers

Quotes About Mothers

Of all the rights of women,
the greatest is to be a mother....Lin Yutang.

A mother is the truest friend we have, when trials,
heavy and sudden, fall upon us; when adversity takes
the place of prosperity; when friends who rejoice with
us in our sunshine, desert us when troubles thicken around
us, still will she cling to us, and endeavor by her kind
precepts and counsels to dissipate the clouds of darkness,
and cause peace to return to our hearts....Washington Irving.

We say that a girl with her doll anticipates the mother.
It is more true, perhaps, that most mothers are still
but children with play things....F. H. Bradley.

The mother's heart is the child's schoolroom....Henry Ward Beecher.

By and large, mothers and housewives
are the only workers who do not have regular time off.
They are the great vacationless class....Anne Morrow Lindbergh.

All that I am or ever hope to be,
I owe to my angel Mother....Abraham Lincoln.

Honor your Father and Mother. That it may be well with you,
and that you may live long on the earth....Ephesians 6:2-3.

I remember my mother's prayers and they have always followed me.
They have clung to me all my life....Abraham Lincoln.

Let your Father and your Mother be glad,
and let her rejoice who gave birth to you....Proverbs 23:25.

Richer than Gold
You may have tangible wealth untold;
Caskets of jewels and coffers of gold.
Richer than I you can never be --
I had a mother who read to me....Strickland Gillilan.

My mother was the most beautiful woman I ever saw.
All I am I owe to my mother. I attribute all my
success in life to the moral, intellectual and physical
education I received from her....George Washington.

Judicious mothers will always keep in mind, that
they are the first book read, and the last put aside,
in every child's library....C. Lenox Redmond.

When a Father takes the child by the hand,
he takes the Mother by the Heart....
The most important thing a father can do
for his children is to love their mother....David O. McKay.

Women know the way to rear up children (to be just),
They know a simple, merry, tender knack of tying sashes, fitting
baby-shoes, and stringing pretty words that make no sense, and
kissing full sense into empty words

FuNnY bUt TuRE

Funny but true

* * * *

How many letters are there in the English alphabet ?!

"There are 18 letters! 3 in "the", 7 in "English", and 8 in "alphabet

* * * *

If a man was born in Italy, went to America and died in San

Francisco , what would he be ?!

Dead

* * * *

What is the longest word in the English language ?!

Smiles. Because there is a mile between its first and last letters

* * * *

Why can't a man living in Paris be buried in the South of France ?!

Because he's still living

* * * *

If you took 3 apples from a basket that held 12 apples,

how many apples would you have ?!

Just 3

* * * *

Why is the letter "T" like an island ?!

Because it is in the middle of waTer

* * * *

I have 12 legs, 12 arms and 8 heads. What am I ?!

A lier

* * * *

What animal can jump higher than a house ?!

A house can't jump

True Friends

when you are sad
i will dry your tears
when you are scared
i will comfort your fears

when you are worried
i will give you hope
when you are confused
i will hlep you cope

and when you are lost
and can't see the light
i shall be your beacon
shining ever so bright

this is my oath
i piedge till the end
why you my ask
because you're a friend

in a friendship
we're free to expose
parts of ourselves
nobady else knows

the thing that sustains it
and sets it a part
is not something spoken
it's abond of the heart

true frinds are rare
in a lifetime two or three
i'm so glad it happened

LiFe AnD PeOPlE

LiFe AnD PeOpLe

What a life we are living in

it is just full of surprises Some times it it So hard ,, so tough ,, other times ,, it is so easy and smooth

Any way.. We are able to smile,, to laugh ,, to live ,, to love

To have fun ,, to survive the day

Some times ,, it is just too much

We cry ,, some times weep

But at the end we learn how to smile again

To see the world and its beauty

Some people do not belong to this planet coz they like every one

Wanna help all people

Try to find the goodness wherever it is Do the best to see people smiling and happy

Other people do not belong to this planet coz they hate every one

Wanna hurt all people

Try to find all the mistakes in people Do their best to see people crying and in pain Life is full of every thing

People are so different even if they were created from the same dust

People are like your fingers ,, they are all fingers but have different names and shapes

They are not look alike,, Find the good ppl ,, find the good in ppl Stay away from the bad ones Learn to smile and to keep smiling from your heart ,, be sure you gonna survive

Create Good Thoughts

Create Good Thoughts: Think Good & Good Happens

Focus on the "Good."

Don't let a minute pass by today without finding something positive in everything encountered -- an important mental exercise. We've learned to be negative, and it always suppresses. Having recurring negative thoughts is probably the worst experience that a human being can have. Staying positive, on the other hand, is an ongoing process which can be achieved by developing an ability to refocus
your attention toward something positive-- a learned behavior.

Unfortunately, negativity is everywhere!

We are surrounded by it. It's in the news, gossip, movies, and things we've learned to recurringly say to ourselves. We've done it so much that perhaps we may not even realize when we are negative, which is certainly detrimental to our well-being.







We can learn to take a positive point of view, which fuels advancement and makes life fun! Instead of focusing on counterproductive or negative things, concentrate on good, constructive, or positive things and see what happens.



"Catch and convert" all negative thoughts.

Sometimes when you find yourself entertaining negative thoughts, try this: Look around and concentrate on spotting the positives. Simply create positive thoughts. Think about wonderful outcomes, things you are grateful for, or how good it will be to establish a successful routine.


Do things that will influence your attitude in a positive manner, like taking a walk, eating healthy, meditating, or helping others find success. Make a positive list of things you are looking forward to or reasons why you should succeed. And like the music teacher says: Practice! Practice! Practice! ("Practice makes perfect," and then you must practice perfect

Are you engaged

Abig lie

Once a youn man visited the family of his future wife.They sat by
the fire in their house to talk.The young man side:Ishall tell you a short story.It is a nice and true one .They gave him his cup of tea and asked him to go on.So he started:Once my mother asked me to go and get the eggs of her hens.I went to the hen coop.There Isaw a great heap of eggs.Itwas so high.There were eggs on eggs. The heap reached the moon. I climbed the eggs after taking off my shose. When Ireached the moonIstarted to look at the deep valleys and high mountains there. I flet cold. So I lookeddownn to come bake to mother.But the eggs rolled one on the other and many men ,boys and girls wounded. I found aspider web.It was as thick as a rope. i took one rope in hand and went down. the spider wep did not reach the land ,So Ijumped down and fell on the roof of our house.My mother asked me to come down and see the wounds of my father .He told me that an egg as big as afoot ball had fallen on his head ,so he waz in bed. This is my nice and true story
........... Then his future-wife laughing out loud and saide it

can you fill the baket

Sm!le

Hi All of you

If at times you feel you want to cry
...And life seems such a trial

Above the clouds there's a bright blue sky
!To make your tears a smile

Above the clouds there's a bright blue sky
!To make your tears a smile

.As you travel on life's way
With its many ups and downs
Remember that it's true to say
One smile is worth a dozen frowns

Among the world's expensive things
A smile is very cheap
And when you give a smile away
You get one back to keep

Happiness comes at times to all
But sadness comes unbidden
And sometimes a few tears must fall
Among the laughter hidden

Always Have A Dream

Forget about the days
when its been cloudy, but
don't forget your hours in the sun



Forget about the times
you've been defeated, but
don't forget the victories you've won



Forget about mistakes
that you can't change now, but
don't forget the lessons
that you've learnt



Forget about misfortunes
you encounter, but
don't forget the times
your luck has turned



Forget about the days
when you've been lonely, but
don't forget the friendly smiles you've seen



Forget about the plans
that didn't seem
to work out right, but


Don't forget to Always Have A Dream !

How to Build Self Confidence

How're you doing everybody
Here I come with another intesresting topic
Hope you like

You want to be confident and feel confident, but what if you're starting with little or no confidence?
How do you get from Point A to Point B? True self-confidence isn't an overnight acquisition. It takes dedication to realize you are a good human being that is worthy of respect and love.

The Steps

Recognize your insecurities. What does in the back of your mind say? What makes you ashamed of yourself? This could be anything from acne, to regrets, to emotional abuse (past or present) from a loved one or friends at school. Whatever is making you feel unworthy, ashamed, or inferior, identify it, give it a name, and write it down.

Talk about it with friends and loved ones. Wear it on your sleeve. Each day chip away at it; wear it down. There's no quick fix. Get to the root of the problem; focus on it and understand that you need to resolve each issue before you can move on.

Remember that nobody is perfect. Even the most confident people have insecurities. At some point in any of our lives, we may feel we lack something. That is reality. Learn that life is full of bumps down the road.

Identify your successes. Everyone is good at something, so discover the things at which you excel, then focus on your talents. Give yourself permission to take pride in them. Give yourself credit for your successes. Inferiority is a state of mind in which you've declared yourself a victim. Do not allow yourself to be victimized.

Be thankful for what you have. A lot of the times, at the root of insecurity and lack of confidence is a feeling of not having enough of something, whether it's emotional validation, good luck, money, etc. By acknowledging and appreciating what you do have, you can combat the feeling of being incomplete and unsatisfied. Finding that inner peace will do wonders for your confidence.

Be Positive, even if you don't feel positive. Avoid self-pity, or the pity and sympathy of others. Never allow others to make you feel inferior--they can only do so if you let them. If you continue to loathe and belittle yourself, others are going to do and believe likewise. Instead, speak positively about yourself, about your future, and about your progress. Do not be afraid to project your strengths and qualities to others. By doing so, you reinforce those ideas in your mind and encourage your growth in a positive direction.

Look in the mirror and smile. Studies surrounding what's called the "facial feedback theory" suggest that the expressions on your face can actually encourage your brain to register certain emotions. So by looking in the mirror and smiling every day, you might feel happier with yourself and more confident in the long run.

Fake it. Along the same lines of smiling to make yourself feel happy, acting confident might actually make you believe it. Pretend you're a completely confident version of you; go through the motions and see how you feel.

Express yourself, whether it's through art, music, writing, etc. Find something you enjoy. Everyone is born with talents and strengths. You can develop and excel in yours. If it's difficult to name two or three things you have some ability in or just plain love to do, think about things others do that you would like to do too and take some lessons or join an enthusiasts club. When you're following your passion, not only will it have a therapeutic effect, but you'll feel unique and accomplished, all of which can help build your self confidence. Plus, adding a variety of interests to your life will not only make you more confident, but it will increase your chances of meeting compatible friends!

Stick to your principles. It might be tough, but if you don't have something you can believe in, you don't have anything. No matter what's happened in your life, you can always lay claim to the fact that from this day forward, you've followed your principles to the best of your ability.